| Metabolite | Related pathway | Trend | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gut microflora | Dimethylamine | Carbon metabolism; methane metabolism | ↑or↓a | |
Hippurate | Bile secretion | ↓ | ||
Phenylacetylglycine (PAG) | Phenylalanine metabolism | ↑ | ||
Trimethylamine | Carbon metabolism; methane metabolism | ↑ | ||
Energy metabolism | 2-Oxoglutarate | Citrate cycle (tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle) | ↓ | |
Acetate | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | ↓ | ||
Alanine | Phenylalanine metabolism; protein digestion and absorption | ↑ | ||
Citrate | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | ↓ | ||
Fumarate | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | ↓ | ||
Pyruvate | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | ↑ | ||
Succinate | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle); carbon metabolism | ↓ | ||
Citrate | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle); carbon metabolism | ↓ | ||
Liver function | Acetone | Amino acid metabolism | - | |
Creatine | Amino acid metabolism | ↑ | ||
Methylguanidine | ND | ↑ | ||
2-Oxo isocaproate | Biosynthesis of amino acids | ↓ | ||
3-Hydroxy butyrate | Degradation of amino acids | ↓ | ||
Other | Formate | Pyruvate metabolism | ↓ | |
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) | Methane metabolism | ↑ | ||
Trigonelline | Tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis | ↓ |