Fig. 1

Timing of cotton substrate collection from Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were moved to paper cups and starved for 24 h, then provided access to a sugar-soaked feeding substrate. After 24 h of feeding, the substrate was collected for sporozoite detection by qPCR. This cycle was repeated twice, such that two substrates were collected per mosquito. The cycle started on day 22 pIBM for P. berghei and day 12 pIBM for P. chabaudi. pIBM post-infectious blood meal, qPCR quantitative-PCR