Covariates | Uninvaded forests | Invaded forests |
---|---|---|
Patch-level covariates | ||
Rose cover (%) | 0.8 ± 0.5A | 36.9 ± 7.7B |
Total understory cover (%) | 19.6 ± 4.4A | 41.6 ± 6.1B |
Leaf litter volume (l/m2) | 13.9 ± 1.1A | 6.8 ± 0.9B |
Fagus grandifolia (%) | 8.5 ± 2.8A | 0.7 ± 0.2B |
Acer spp. (%) | 0.7 ± 0.1A | 21.2 ± 1.2B |
Year of canopy closure | 1916.7 ± 4.9A | 1963 ± 5.1B |
Non-native stems (%) | 9.1 ± 2.7A | 40.0 ± 3.3B |
Average tree dbh (m) | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 |
Quercus spp. (%) | 42.0 ± 6.4A | 11.0 ± 5.8B |
Mean mice per nest boxa | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
Mean larvae per mousea | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 |
Bird territory densityb | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.8 |