Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 5 Pooled prevalence of microsporidia infection in HIV-infected patients

	No. of studies	No. of HIV-infected patients	No. of patients with microsporidia co-infection	Prevalence of microsporidia co-infection (95% CI) (%)	Heterogeneity		Univariate meta-regression
	No. of studies	No. of HIV-infected patients	No. of patients with microsporidia co-infection	Prevalence of microsporidia co-infection (95% CI) (%)	P-value	I² (%)	Coefficient (95% CI) (%)	P-value
Region							0.16 (0.16–0.47)	0.323
Western and central Europe and North America	8	8089	277	14.4 (7.8–21.1)	< 0.0001	97.6
Sub-Saharan Africa	17	3834	425	15.4 (11.1–19.7)	< 0.0001	96.9
Asia and the Pacific	18	2791	251	11.7 (8.2–15.1)	< 0.0001	95.8
Latin America and the Caribbean	3	2890	123	5.6 (1.9–9.3)	0.017	75.6
Middle East and North Africa	1	356	8	2.2 (0.7–3.8)	–	–
Eastern Europe and central Asia	1	46	6	13.0 (3.3–22.8)	–	–
Income level							0.42 (0.06–0.79)	0.024
Low income	9	1011	219	25.2 (13.0–37.4)	< 0.0001	97.3
Middle income	30	8803	580	8.4 (6.5–10.3)	<0.0001	94.5
High income	9	8192	291	14.4 (8.1–20.6)	< 0.0001	97.4
Patients with diarrhea							0.44 (0.15–0.73)	0.004
Yes	17	1807	396	22.2 (14.5–29.9)	< 0.0001	96.9
Mixed	28	14,573	641	8.3 (6.5–10.1)	< 0.0001	96.3
na	3	1626	53	3.2 (1.7–4.6)	0.128	51.3
Total	48	18,006	1090	11.8 (10.1–13.4)	< 0.0001	96.7

Abbreviations: Yes, patients with diarrhea; Mixed, including patients with or without diarrhea; na, not applicable (parameter not provided)

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