Table 2 Recent data on Schistosoma japonicum vaccine candidates

Paramyosin (sj97)

Schistosomulum surface, tegument and acetabular glands

Binds complement and Fc region of IgG; proposed role in host immune evasion

Recombinant proteins

Alum or TiterMax

Pig

33–34

–

[108]

Sj26GST

Parenchymal region of male worm and in the parenchymal cells between the vitelline glands in the female worm

Catalyses detoxification of lipophilic molecules by thioconjugation

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

30

45

[66, 69, 109]

26-kDaGST + IL-18

–

–

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

49

51

SjGP-3 (Sj26GST + PmyF3 (fragment of paramyosin))

–

–

Polyvalent subunit

CFA

Mouse

41–38

26–29

rPRV/Sj26-KDaGST+ SjFABP

–

–

Recombinant pseudorabies virus

–

Mouse

39

45

Sheep

48

51

Triose phosphate isomerise (SjTPI)

–

Glycolytic pathway enzyme

[71–74]

 - with codon optimiized version

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

50

57

 - with SjTPI + heat-shock protein 70

DNA vaccine

–

Water buffalo

52

61

 - with recombinant replication-defective adenoviral vectors

Replication defective adenoviral vector-based

–

Mouse

54

52

 - with prime-boost strategy

Adenoviral vectored prime and recombinant protein boost

Complete Freunds and Incomplete Freunds

Mouse

72

72

Thyroid hormone receptor beta (SjTHRβ)

–

Interacts with thyroid hormone to modulate growth, development and differentiation, and metabolic processes

Recombinant protein

Montanide ISA 206

Mouse

27

29

[110]

S. japonicum fatty acid binding protein (SjFABP)

Whole body, cytosolic

Uptake, transports and compartmentalizes the fatty acids of the host

DNA vaccine

–

[80, 81]

 - with IL-18

Mouse

38

45

 - with Sj26GST

Mouse

32

25

Twenty-three kilo dalton integral membrane protein (Sj23) with different adjuvants

Surface-exposed

Facilitates parasite immune regulation

Recombinant protein

Freunds

Mouse

59

–

[83]

ISA206

Mouse

26

–

ISA70M

Mouse

54

–

Tetravalent DNA vaccine (SjFABP. Sj23/Sj26.SjGAPDH)

–

–

DNA vaccine

–

Mouse

71

61

[84]

Cocktail DNA with EP and protein vaccines (Sj23+ SjCTPI+ CDR3)

–

–

DNA vaccine boosted with recombinant protein

Complete Freunds

Mouse

59

67

[85]

Protein disulfide (SjPDI) isomerase

Tegument as well as other specialized excretory/secretory (ES)organs

Enzyme involved in disulfide bond formation and rearrangement and it interfere with the host immune

Recombinant protein

Montanide ISA 206 VG

Mouse

38

33

[111]

Responses

S. japonicum inhibitor apoptosis protein using adenovirus as live vaccine vector (Ad-SjIAP)

Involved in differentiation and development

With recombinant adenoviral vector

–

Mouse

38

32

[112]

Aldose reductase (SjAR)

Gynecophoral canal of adult male worms

Involved in antioxidant defence system

Recombinant protein

Freunds

Mouse

33

28

[113]

S. japonicum Sj-F1 (using S. gordonii as live vector) (Sj-F1)

Gene discovered when adult S. japonicum worm cDNA library was screened with by serum prepared against female S. japonicum antigens

Unknown

With S. gordonii as live vector

–

Mouse

21

35

[114]