OrderOrder (Family) | Species (common name) | Route of transmission | Geographical distribution | Localization | Definitive host | REF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HELMINTHS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Strongylida | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) | Ingestion of snails, slugs, shellfish and crustacean (FbZ) | Asia, Australia, Africa, USA, Pacific Islands, Caribbean Islands, and South America | Anterior chamber, vitreous | Rat | 131,137 |
Ascaridida (Ascarididae) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) | Dog faeces (EbZ) | Worldwide | Eyebrows and eyelds, aqueous humor and vitreous | Dog | 11 |
 | Toxocara cati (feline roundworm) | Cat faeces (EbZ) | Worldwide | Aqueous humor and vitreous | Cat | 11 |
 | Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm) | Raccoon faeces (EbZ) | North America, Europe, Japan | Vitreous | Raccoon | 46 |
Spirurida Suborder Spirurina | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Gnathostoma spinigerum, G. hispidum, | Ingestion of crustacean (cyclops), | Worldwide | Anterior chamber, eye lid | Dog, cat, wild carnivores, | 49 |
 | G. doloresi and G. nipponicum | infected fish, frogs (FbZ) |  |  | raccoon, opossum |  |
(Onchocercidae) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Dirofilaria repens | Aedes, Anopheles, Culex (VbZ) | Europe, Asia, Africa | Subconjunctival | Dog | 8, 197 |
 | D. immitis | Aedes, Anopheles, Culex (VbZ) | Worldwide | Anterior chamber | Dog, cat | 8,76 |
 | D. tenuis | Aedes, Anopheles, (VbZ) | Canada, USA | Subconjunctival | Raccon | 8 |
 | Acanthocheilonema arbuta | Aedes, Taeniorhynchus (VbZ) | Canada, USA | Anterior chamber | Porcupine | 198 |
 | A. sprenti | Mosquitoes (VbZ) | Canada, Oregon, USA | Anterior chamber | Beaver | 8 |
 | A. reconditum | Fleas, louses (VbZ) | Worldwide | Subconjunctival | Dog | 79 |
 | Onchocerca gutturosa | Simulium spp. (VbZ) | Worldwide | Subconjunctival, cornea | Cattle | 8 |
 | O. cervicalis | Culicoides spp. (VbZ) | Worldwide | Subconjunctival, cornea | Horse | 169 |
 | Onchocerca jakutensis | Culicoides spp. (VbZ) | Europe, Austria | Subconjunctival, cornea | Red deer | 199 |
 | O. reticulata | Culicoides spp. (VbZ) | Europe, Asia, Africa | Subconjunctival, cornea | Horse | 170 |
 | O. dewittei japonica | Simulium spp. (VbZ) | Japan | Subconjunctival, cornea | Bear | 167 |
 | O. lupi | Simulium spp. (VbZ) | Europe | Subconjunctival | Dog | 172 |
 | Loaina uniformis | Aedes, Anopheles, Culex | North America | Subconjunctival | Lagomorphs | 8,62,64,83 |
 | P. (Loaina) scapiceps | Aedes, Mansonia | North America | Subconjunctival | Lagomorphs | 8,62,83 |
(Thelaziidae) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Thelazia callipaeda T. californiensis | Phortica spp. (VbZ) | China, Southeastern Asia, Europe, USA | Subconjunctival, intraocular | Dogs, cats, rabbits and wild carnivores | 160 |
Enoplida | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(Trichuridae) | Trichinella spp. | Ingestion of raw meat (FbZ) | Worldwide | Orbit, Ocular muscles | Numerous, domestic and wild animals | 15 |
CESTODA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Pseudophyllidea (Diphyllobothriidae) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Sparganosis) | Ingestion of crustacean, frogs, birds, snakes (FbZ) | Middle East, Australia | Subconjunctival | Carnivores | 102,109 |
 | Spargana (other species) | Ingestion of crustacean, frogs, birds, snakes (FbZ) | South America, Asia | Subconjunctival | Carnivores | 102,109 |
Cyclophyllidea (Teniidae) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Taenia crassiceps | Food contaminated by dog faeces (EbZ) | USA and Europe | Anterior chamber | Carnivores | 89 |
 | Echinococcus granulosus | Food contaminated by dog faeces (EbZ) | Worldwide | Intraocular | Dog | 112 |
 | E. multilocularis | Food contaminated by wild carnivores dog faeces (EbZ) | Worldwide | Intraocular | Wolf, jackal, coyote | 115 |
 | E. oligharthrus | Food contaminated by wild carnivores dog faeces (EbZ) | South and Central America | Orbit | Wild felids | Wild felids |
 | Coenurus cerebralis (Multiceps multiceps) | dog faeces (EbZ) | Worldwide | Intraocular | Dog | 95 |
TREMATODA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(Fluke) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 | Fasciola hepatica | water plants (FbZ) | Worldwide | Anterior chamber | Domestic and wild ruminants, horse | 120 |
 | Alaria mesocercaria, A. americana | Frogs (FbZ) | Asia, USA, Canada | Intraocular | Canids | 122 |
 | Philophthalmus lacrimosus | Contaminated food or direct contact with the eye mucosa (EbZ) | Europe, Asia, and America | Conjunctival | Birds | 124 |