Fig. 1

Gene (a) and protein (b) expression of GSTs of adult parthenogenetic ticks exposed to sublethal doses of flumethrin, chlorpyrifos and amitraz. a Total mRNA was extracted from adult ticks and transcribed to cDNA before real-time RT-PCR. P0 primers were used as controls. The error bar represents the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05: significantly different by Welch’s t-test as compared to no treatment. The dotted line indicates overexpression. Overexpression is determined if there is at least a 2-fold increase in expression level, as shown by Bhattacharjee et al. [42]. b Proteins were prepared from adult ticks exposed to sublethal doses of flumethrin, chlorpyrifos and amitraz. Antiserum against tubulin was used as a control for Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis results are shown as representative data of three separate experiments showing the same trend