Fig. 1From: Glutathione S-transferases play a role in the detoxification of flumethrin and chlorpyrifos in Haemaphysalis longicornisGene (a) and protein (b) expression of GSTs of adult parthenogenetic ticks exposed to sublethal doses of flumethrin, chlorpyrifos and amitraz. a Total mRNA was extracted from adult ticks and transcribed to cDNA before real-time RT-PCR. P0 primers were used as controls. The error bar represents the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05: significantly different by Welch’s t-test as compared to no treatment. The dotted line indicates overexpression. Overexpression is determined if there is at least a 2-fold increase in expression level, as shown by Bhattacharjee et al. [42]. b Proteins were prepared from adult ticks exposed to sublethal doses of flumethrin, chlorpyrifos and amitraz. Antiserum against tubulin was used as a control for Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis results are shown as representative data of three separate experiments showing the same trendBack to article page