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Table 1 Summary of peer-reviewed in vivo experiments studying the anthelmintic effects of dietary chicory in ruminants

From: Antiparasitic activity of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and its natural bioactive compounds in livestock: a review

Livestock species

Chicory DMa (%)

Chicory cv. (sown)

Bioactive compounds in chicory (% DM)b

Nematode infection and experimental designc

Anthelmintic effects in chicory-fed animalsd

Reference

Sheep

91

ni (pure)

Total CT = 0.83%

Exp. T. circumcincta trickle infection while grazing chicory. After 40 days p.i. animals were stabled, treated with levamisole + ivermectin and challenged with T. circumcincta L3

Lower numbers of mid/late L4 and L5/adult worms from the challenge infection. No effect on FEC while grazing on chicory and trickle infected

[61]

87

ni (pure)

Total CT = 0.05%; total phenolics = 26.2%

Exp. T. circumcincta infection

Reduction in adult male worms and lower total adult counts by 43% (ns). No effect on FEC, female per capita fecundity or immature worm counts

[52]

80

Grasslands Puna (pure)

nr

Exp. Teladorsagia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp. and Nematodirus spp. infection + reinfection from pasture

Reduced FEC and Teladorsagia spp. worm counts

[49]

80

ni (pure)

Total CT = 0.05%; total phenolics = 26.2%

Exp. T. colubriformis infection

No effect on FEC, adult or immature worm counts

[51]

80

Grasslands Puna (pure)

Total CT = 0.31%

Exp. H. contortus and C. curticei infection (animals stabled)

Reduced total egg output and FECDM of H. contortus. No effect on adult worm counts, on FECDM of C. curticei or on total FECDM

[53]

50

Puna II (pure)

nr

Exp. T. circumcincta trickle infection of ewes and reinfection from pasture for ewes and lambs

Reduced FEC in lambs and ewes on chicory and lower T. circumcincta L3 recovered from chicory swards (ns)

[54]

nr

Grasslands Puna (pure)

nr

Natural infection

Reduced abomasal adult counts by 41% and abomasal L4 by 60%. No effect on FEC or intestinal worm counts

[50]

nr

Grasslands Puna (pure)

Total phenolics = 1.8–2.7%

Natural infections in ewes and their lambs. Ewes were either treated or not treated with anthelmintics

Lower FEC in lambs from untreated ewes on chicory. No effect on FEC of undrenched ewes or on adult worm burden in lambs

[62]

nr

Oasis (pure)

nr

Natural infection

Reduced FEC. Chicory-fed lambs had lower FAMACHA scores and required less anthelmintic treatments

[55]

3–6

Grasslands Puna (mixed with RG/WC)

nr

Natural infection

No effect on FEC

[57]

nr

Grasslands Puna (nr)

nr

Exp. T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis infection + reinfection from pasture

Reduced FEC and serum pepsinogen levels at Day 42 p.i.

[59]

Cattle

90

Spadona (pure)

Total CT = ni; total SL = 1.7–2.3%

Exp. O. ostertagi infections

Reduced worm burdens by 66%. Reduced FEC from Day 21 p.i. onwards

[56]

70

Spadona (pure)

Total CT = ni; total SL = 1.2%

Exp. Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora infection (stabled animals)

Reduced O. ostertagi worm burdens by 60%. Reduced recovery of O. ostertagi L3. No effect on total FEC and worm burdens of C. oncophora

[56]

24

Puna II (mixed with RG)

nr

Natural infection

No effect on FEC, proportion of O. ostertagi or Cooperia spp. L3 in larval cultures, serum pepsinogen or O. ostertagi-antibodies

[58]

Deer

56–71

Grasslands Puna (pure)

Total CT = 0.17–0.26%

Natural infection

Fewer clinical signs associated with parasitism, requiring less anthelmintic treatment. No effect on FEC or lungworm L1 counts

[60]

  1. aIn sward/diet
  2. bDetection of bioactive compounds were performed with different methodologies and are not comparable between studies
  3. cAll studies were grazing experiments, unless otherwise indicated (stabled animals). In all the trials ryegrass or ryegrass/white clover were used as diets for control animals, with the exception of Heckendorn et al. [53] who fed control lambs with ryegrass/lucerne fresh-cut and Miller et al. [55] who used Bermuda grass
  4. dIn comparison to infected animals fed with control diets
  5. Abbreviations: cv cultivar, ns not significant, DM dry matter, exp. experimental, p.i. post-infection, CT condensed tannins, SL sesquiterpene lactones, FEC faecal egg counts, FECDM FEC adjusted per g of faecal DM, L1 first-stage larvae, L3 third-stage larvae (free-living), L4 fourth-stage larvae (immature), L5 fifth-stage larvae, nr not reported, ni not identified