Fig. 4

a Massive Angusticaecum sp. infection in a Hermann tortoise (Testudo hermanni) (leading to spontaneous expulsion of an adult nematode (arrow). b Lethal oxyurid infection in a necropsied juvenile tortoise (T. hermanni) with a massive colonic oxyurid infection (indicated by an arrow) associated with fatty liver degeneration (i.e. egg-yolk yellow liver). c Balantidium-associated enteritis (HE staining): free Balatidium sp. trophozites detected in the gastrointestinal lumen neighboring an eosinophilic-infiltrated (indicated by arrow) mucosa (T. hermanni, 400×). d Subchronic hexamitiosis (HE staining): interstitial nephritis with lymphocytic infiltration caused by Hexamita sp. Flagellated Hexamita trophozoites can be detected in the renal tubule lumen (indicated by arrow) of a Spider tortoise (Pyxis arachnoides,1000×). e Three trichomonad trophozoites with undulating membrane extending almost to their entire body length (Giemsa staining, 1000×). f Impression preparation of a kidney containing Hexamita sp. trophozoites with characteristic anterior protruded nuclei (arrow, Giemsa staining, 1000×)