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Table 3 Analysis of the variables identified as risk factors potentially involved in the transmission of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis spp. in Cubal, Angola, 2015. Combined results for all protozoan parasites are shown. Prevalence risk ratios (PRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are indicated

From: Prevalence and molecular characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. isolates in school children in Cubal, Western Angola

Variable (no. of missing observations)

Category

Casesa

Non-casesb

PRR

95% CI

P

Gender (0)

Male

87

62

1.18

0.97–1.43

0.099

Female

100

102

Reference

  

Age group (0)

≤ 7 years old

66

35

1.35

1.12–1.63

0.004

>  7 years old

121

129

Reference

  

Household size (9)

>  6 individuals

78

82

0.86

0.70–1.06

0.147

≤ 6 individuals

103

79

Reference

  

Bath place (1)

Otherc

111

82

1.20

0.98–1.47

0.069

Home

75

82

Reference

  

Contact with domestic animals (10)

Exposed

149

130

0.94

0.74–1.20

0.619

Unexposed

35

27

Reference

  

Drinking water source (0)

Otherd

152

134

0.99

0.77–1.27

0.918

Tap water

35

30

Reference

  

Eating raw vegetables/fruits (0)

Yes

174

144

1.39

0.90–2.14

0.093

No

13

20

Reference

  

Raw vegetables/fruits washing (33)

No

37

31

1.00

0.78–1.28

0.998

Yes

136

114

Reference

  

Body mass indexe (10)

≤ P5

56

72

0.74

0.59–0.93

0.005

> P5

126

87

Reference

  

Haemoglobin levele (14)

≤ 11 g/dl

60

43

1.14

0.92–1.40

0.237

>  11 g/dl

120

114

Reference

  
  1. aCases: samples that tested positive for G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. or Blastocystis spp. by PCR-based methods
  2. bNon-cases: samples that tested negative for G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. or Blastocystis spp. by PCR-based methods
  3. cStreet, river
  4. dRainwater, surface water and groundwater
  5. eSee Methods section