Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 6 Pooled prevalence of Isospora infection in HIV-infected patients

	No. of studies	No. of HIV-infected patients	No. of patients with Isospora co-infection	Prevalence of Isospora co-infection (95% CI) (%)	Heterogeneity		Univariate meta-regression
	No. of studies	No. of HIV-infected patients	No. of patients with Isospora co-infection	Prevalence of Isospora co-infection (95% CI) (%)	P-value	I² (%)	Coefficient (95% CI) (%)	P-value
Region							0.21 (-0.07–0.49)	0.143
Western and central Europe and North America	6	97,721	324	0.5 (0.2–0.8)	< 0.0001	92.8
Sub-Saharan Africa	21	3995	232	6.1 (4.5–7.7)	< 0.0001	87.0
Asia and the Pacific	24	2848	215	7.1 (5.2–9.0)	< 0.0001	83.4
Latin America and the Caribbean	5	922	13	1.0 (0.3–1.7)	0.349	10.1
Middle East and North Africa	2	436	4	0.8 (0.0–2.0)	0.279	14.7
Income level							-0.04 (-0.38–0.30)	0.806
Low income	12	2230	93	3.8 (2.2–5.5)	< 0.0001	91.9
Middle income	39	5904	366	5.8 (4.7–7.0)	< 0.0001	86.9
High income	7	97,788	329	0.5 (0.2–0.9)	< 0.0001	80.0
Patients with diarrhea					< 0.0001		-0.43 (-0.72– -0.13)	0.005
Yes	15	1271	112	8.3 (5.7–10.9)	< 0.0001	66.1
Mixed	43	104,651	676	2.0 (1.6–2.4)	< 0.0001	90.4
Total	58	105,922	788	2.5 (2.1–2.9)	< 0.0001	89.8

Abbreviations: Yes, patients with diarrhea; Mixed, including patients with or without diarrhea

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