Fig. 9

Jaburetox induced an immune humoral response in vivo. Insects were injected with PB (controls) or with Jaburetox in a dose of 2 μg/insect. Six hours later, the hemolymph was collected and assayed. a Phenoloxidase activity was measured using L-DOPA as substrate. The values are expressed as phenoloxidase activity (A₄₉₀ × 100) and are the mean ± SEM (n = 5). *P < 0.05 vs control. b NOS activity was determined using oxyhemoglobin as substrate. The values are expressed as nmol NO/min.mg protein and are the mean ± SEM (n = 6) (ns, no statistically significant difference). c Lysozyme activity was assessed employing the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N, N’, N”-Tetraacetylchitotriose and are the mean ± SEM (n = 4) (ns, no statistically significant difference). d Antibacterial cecropin-like activity in plates seeded with E. coli ATCC 25922. Two μl of each sample were added in holes punched in the agar plate and the inhibition zone were recorded after and incubation of 24 h at room temperature. 1,2: PB-injected samples (negative controls); 3,4: Jaburetox-injected samples; 5: chloramphenicol (40 μg/ml, positive control). e Turbidimetric assay incubated for 10 h with readings at each hour. (○) indicate control and (●) Jaburetox-treated insects. The results are expressed as antibacterial activity (TB) and are the mean ± SEM (n = 4)