Fig. 1

PpSP15 expression. Expression profiles by real time PCR were assessed as fold changes (Y axis) over the control non-sugar fed, and colony-maintained P. papatasi using the 2^-ΔΔCT method. Seasonal analyses are displayed in (a), (b) and (c), representing the populations of Aswan (PPAW), Swaymeh (PPJS) and North Sinai (PPNS), respectively. P. papatasi were collected at different periods during the sand fly activity season. Graphs (d), (e) and (f) display the geographic comparisons between expression profiles of P. papatasi collected early (June) and in the middle (August) of the 2007 season, and late (September) in the 2006 season, respectively. Horizontal bars represent the expression mean values between the samples and each sample represents an individual fly. Asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences (p < 0.0006) between every two groups analyzed. Aswan (PPAW, black), Swaymeh (PPJS, dark gray) and North Sinai (PPNS, light gray) color schemes are shown. Triangle, circle and square represent expression levels of sand flies collected early, in the middle and late in the season, respectively