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Table 4 List of key studies of bovine Anaplasma/anaplasmosis in Pakistan

From: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control

Pathogen (s) detected

Host (s)

Location (s)

Study population and sampling design

Sampling period

Detection method (s)

Percentage of test positive animals (proportion)

Reference

Cattle

Buffaloes

Anaplasma marginale

Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds)

Karachi

Animals slaughtered in abattoir; convenient

Nov 1984 to Dec 1985

Blood smear

60 (30/50)

60 (60/100)

[8]

A. marginale

Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds)

Hyderabad

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient

Oct 1990 to Dec 1991

Blood smear

1 Am: 11 (11/100)

Am: 19 (19/100)

[40]

A. centrale

2 Ac: 7 (7/100)

Ac: 11 (11/100)

A. marginale

Buffaloes, cattle (local and exotic breeds)

Attock, Islamabad

Healthy animals from public livestock farms; convenient

Sep 1999 to May 2001

Blood smear

17.3 (53/307)

12.9 (20/155)

[41]

A. marginale

Cattle (local breeds)

Peshawar

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient

2001

Blood smear

Am: 4.2 (12/285)

Not applicable (NA)

[42]

A. centrale

Ac: 3.86 (11/285)

3Mixed: 4.21 (12/285)

A. marginale

Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds)

Hyderabad

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient

Feb to Apr 2004

Blood smear

Am: 22 (55/250)

Am: 13.6 (34/250)

[58]

A. centrale

Ac: 9.2 (23/250)

Ac: 8.4 (21/250)

Mixed: 20.8 (52/250)

Mixed: 8 (20/250)

A. marginale

Buffaloes, cattle

Different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient

Jun to Jul 2003

Blood smear

15.1 (8/53)

26.1 (17/65)

[59]

A. marginale

Cattle (local and exotic breeds)

Sargodha

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; multi-stage cluster random

Aug 2008 to Jul 2009

Blood smear

9.7 (34/350)

N/A

[47]

4Mixed: 3.1 (11/350)

A. marginale

Cattle (local and exotic breeds)

Khushab, Rawalpindi, Sargodha

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient

Sep 2009 to Aug 2010

Blood smear

5.8 (61/1050)

N/A

[48]

A. marginale

Buffaloes

Karachi

Healthy animals from the Landhi Dairy Colony; convenient

Apr to Oct 2011

Blood smear

N/A

9 (9/100)

[46]

Anaplasma sp.

Buffaloes

Bahawalnagar, Burewala, Kohat, Layyah, Multan, Peshawar

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; random

May to Sep 2001

5PCR-RFLP

NA

Anaplasma sp.

[57]

A. marginale

41 (115/281)

Am: 17 (20/155)

A. marginale

Cattle (local and exotic breeds)

Khushab, Rawalpindi, Sargodha

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient

Sep 2009 to Aug 2010

Serology - 6ELISA

-

N/A

[60]

Anaplasma sp.

Buffaloes, cattle (local and exotic breeds)

Khanewal

Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; simple random

May 2011 to April 2012

Blood smear

4.1 (34/836)

4.29 (30/700)

[56]

  1. 1 Anaplasma marginale; 2 Anaplasma centrale; 3Mixed infection of A. marginale and A. centrale; 4Mixed infection of A. marginale with either T. annulata or B. bigemina; 5Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; 6Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; − denotes lack of information