From: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control
Pathogen (s) detected | Host (s) | Location (s) | Study population and sampling design | Sampling period | Detection method (s) | Percentage of test positive animals (proportion) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle | Buffaloes | |||||||
Anaplasma marginale | Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Karachi | Animals slaughtered in abattoir; convenient | Nov 1984 to Dec 1985 | Blood smear | 60 (30/50) | 60 (60/100) | [8] |
A. marginale | Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Hyderabad | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Oct 1990 to Dec 1991 | Blood smear | 1 Am: 11 (11/100) | Am: 19 (19/100) | [40] |
A. centrale | 2 Ac: 7 (7/100) | Ac: 11 (11/100) | ||||||
A. marginale | Buffaloes, cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Attock, Islamabad | Healthy animals from public livestock farms; convenient | Sep 1999 to May 2001 | Blood smear | 17.3 (53/307) | 12.9 (20/155) | [41] |
A. marginale | Cattle (local breeds) | Peshawar | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | 2001 | Blood smear | Am: 4.2 (12/285) | Not applicable (NA) | [42] |
A. centrale | Ac: 3.86 (11/285) | |||||||
3Mixed: 4.21 (12/285) | ||||||||
A. marginale | Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Hyderabad | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Feb to Apr 2004 | Blood smear | Am: 22 (55/250) | Am: 13.6 (34/250) | [58] |
A. centrale | Ac: 9.2 (23/250) | Ac: 8.4 (21/250) | ||||||
Mixed: 20.8 (52/250) | Mixed: 8 (20/250) | |||||||
A. marginale | Buffaloes, cattle | Different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Jun to Jul 2003 | Blood smear | 15.1 (8/53) | 26.1 (17/65) | [59] |
A. marginale | Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; multi-stage cluster random | Aug 2008 to Jul 2009 | Blood smear | 9.7 (34/350) | N/A | [47] |
4Mixed: 3.1 (11/350) | ||||||||
A. marginale | Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Khushab, Rawalpindi, Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Sep 2009 to Aug 2010 | Blood smear | 5.8 (61/1050) | N/A | [48] |
A. marginale | Buffaloes | Karachi | Healthy animals from the Landhi Dairy Colony; convenient | Apr to Oct 2011 | Blood smear | N/A | 9 (9/100) | [46] |
Anaplasma sp. | Buffaloes | Bahawalnagar, Burewala, Kohat, Layyah, Multan, Peshawar | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; random | May to Sep 2001 | 5PCR-RFLP | NA | Anaplasma sp. | [57] |
A. marginale | 41 (115/281) | |||||||
Am: 17 (20/155) | ||||||||
A. marginale | Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Khushab, Rawalpindi, Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Sep 2009 to Aug 2010 | Serology - 6ELISA | - | N/A | [60] |
Anaplasma sp. | Buffaloes, cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Khanewal | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; simple random | May 2011 to April 2012 | Blood smear | 4.1 (34/836) | 4.29 (30/700) | [56] |