Table 2 List of key studies of Theileria/theileriosis in Pakistan
From: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control
Host (s) | Location (s) | Study population and sampling design | Sampling period | Detection method (s) | Percentage of test positive animals (proportion) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cattle | Buffaloes | ||||||
Cattle (Sahiwal x Holstein-Friesian) | Faisalabad | Animals suspected of theileirosis from the University farm | May-Jun 1982 | Blood smear | 100 (3/3) | NA | [39] |
Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Hyderabad | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Oct 1990 to Dec 1991 | Blood smear | 3 (3/100) | 5 (5/100) | [40] |
Cattle (Jersey, Sahiwal, Holstein-Friesian, cross–bred) | Faisalabad | Animals suspected of theileriosis from local private dairy farms; convenient | Mar 1993 to Sep 1998 | Clinical signs and blood smear | 79.5 (89/112) | NA | [38] |
Buffaloes, cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Attock, Islamabad | Healthy animals were from public livestock farms; convenient | Sep 1999 to May 2001 | Blood smear | 0.98 (3/307) | 0.6 (1/155) | [41] |
Cattle (local breeds) | Peshawar | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | 2001 | Blood smear | 1.4 (4/285) | NA | [42] |
Cattle (Friesian and Jersey) | Kasur | Healthy animals from a public livestock farm; convenient | Jul 2003 to Jun 2004 | Blood smear | Holstein: 24 (48/200) | NA | [43] |
Jersey: 15 (30/200) | |||||||
Buffaloes | Lahore | Animals suspected of theileriosis from local private dairy farms; convenient | Jul to Sep 2003 | Blood smear | NA | 17.5 (107/600) | [44] |
Friesian cattle | Kasur | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | - | Blood smear, | 1BS: 14 (14/100) | NA | [7] |
PCR | 2PCR: 36 (36/100) | ||||||
Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cattle | Sahiwal | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Apr to Sep 2009 | Blood smear | 38.3 (115/300) | NA | [45] |
Buffaloes, cattle (local breeds) | Bahawalnagar, Bhakar, Layyah, Multan, Muzaffar Garh, Vehari | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | - | Blood smear, | BS: 3 (4/144); PCR: 19 (28/144) | [37] | |
PCR | |||||||
Buffaloes | Karachi | Healthy animals from the Landhi Dairy Colony; convenient | Apr to Oct 2011 | Blood smear | N/A | 2 (2/100) | [46] |
Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; multi-stage cluster random | Aug 2008 to Jul 2009 | Blood smear | 6.7 (24/350) | N/A | [47] |
3Mixed: 2.6 (9/350) | |||||||
Cattle (local and exotic breeds) | Khushab, Rawalpindi, Sargodha | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Sep 2009 to Aug 2010 | Blood smear | 5.14 (54/1050) | N/A | [48] |
Cattle (local breeds) | Kohat, Peshawar | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; simple random | Nov 2010 to Feb 2011 | Blood smear, | BS: 5.3 (5/95) | NA | [36] |
PCR | PCR: 33.7 (32/95) | ||||||
Ticks (Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma dromedarii) | Faisalabad, Jhang, Khanewal | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | Jul, Aug 2007 | PCR | 4 Ha: 50 (10/20), 5 Hd: 20 (4/20)* | [32] | |
Buffaloes, cattle (Sahiwal breed) | Okara, Sheikhupura | Healthy animals from local private dairy farms; convenient | - | PCR | 66.1 (41/62) | 50 (20/40) | [35] |