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Table 1 Major tick-borne diseases (TBDs) of bovines: principal pathogens, principal hosts, principal vectors, and distribution. Current status of the main bovine TBDs and potential vectors in Pakistan are also provided.

From: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control

Tick-borne disease (TBDs)

Principal pathogens

Principal host (s)

Principal ticks vectors

Distribution

Bovine TBDs reported from Pakistan

Possible tick vectors in Pakistan

Theileriosis

Theileria annulata

Cattle, Asian buffalo

Hyalomma detritum detritum

Southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Sudan, central Asia, and Indian subcontinent,

Yes

H. anatolicum anatolicum,

H. anatolicum

H. dromedarii

H. dromedarii,

H. lusitanicum

H. marginatum marginatum

 

T. parva

Cattle, African buffalo

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. zambeziensis

Eastern, central and southern parts of Africa

No

Not applicable (NA)

 

T. orientalis

Cattle, Asian buffalo

Haemaphysalis longicornis

Cosmopolitan

No

NA

 

T. mutans

Cattle, African buffalo

Amblyomma spp.

Sub-Saharan Africa

No

NA

 

T. velifera

Cattle, African buffalo

Amblyomma spp.

Sub-Saharan Africa

No

NA

 

T. taurotragi

Cattle, Eland antelope

R. appendiculatus

East and southern Africa

No

NA

Babesiosis

Babesia bigemina

Cattle, buffalo

R. (B.) microplus

Tropical and subtropical regions

Yes

R. (B.) microplus

 

B. bovis

Cattle, buffalo

R. (B.) microplus

Tropical and subtropical regions

Yes

R. (B.) microplus

 

B. divergens

Cattle

Ixodes ricinus

Europe and North Africa

No

NA

 

B. orientalis

Buffalo

Rhipicephalus spp.

Asia

No

NA

Anaplasmosis

Anaplasma marginale

Cattle, domestic buffalo

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, R. (B.) decoloratus, R. (B.) annulatus, R. bursa, R. simus, R. evertsi

Tropical, subtropical and even temperate regions

Yes

R. (B.) microplus

Hyalomma spp.

 

A. centrale

Cattle

As above

Tropical and subtropical regions

Yes

As above

 

A. (Ehrlichia) bovis

Cattle, domestic buffalo

Amblyomma spp., Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp.

Africa, Asia, and South America

No

NA

 

A. (Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum a

Cattle, small ruminants, horses

Ixodes spp.

Europe and North America

No

NA

  1. aZoonotic importance; Source: [7, 10, 18, 20, 29, 31]