From: Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control
Tick-borne disease (TBDs) | Principal pathogens | Principal host (s) | Principal ticks vectors | Distribution | Bovine TBDs reported from Pakistan | Possible tick vectors in Pakistan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theileriosis | Theileria annulata | Cattle, Asian buffalo | Hyalomma detritum detritum | Southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Sudan, central Asia, and Indian subcontinent, | Yes | H. anatolicum anatolicum, |
H. anatolicum | ||||||
H. dromedarii | H. dromedarii, | |||||
H. lusitanicum | ||||||
H. marginatum marginatum | ||||||
 | T. parva | Cattle, African buffalo | Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. zambeziensis | Eastern, central and southern parts of Africa | No | Not applicable (NA) |
 | T. orientalis | Cattle, Asian buffalo | Haemaphysalis longicornis | Cosmopolitan | No | NA |
 | T. mutans | Cattle, African buffalo | Amblyomma spp. | Sub-Saharan Africa | No | NA |
 | T. velifera | Cattle, African buffalo | Amblyomma spp. | Sub-Saharan Africa | No | NA |
 | T. taurotragi | Cattle, Eland antelope | R. appendiculatus | East and southern Africa | No | NA |
Babesiosis | Babesia bigemina | Cattle, buffalo | R. (B.) microplus | Tropical and subtropical regions | Yes | R. (B.) microplus |
 | B. bovis | Cattle, buffalo | R. (B.) microplus | Tropical and subtropical regions | Yes | R. (B.) microplus |
 | B. divergens | Cattle | Ixodes ricinus | Europe and North Africa | No | NA |
 | B. orientalis | Buffalo | Rhipicephalus spp. | Asia | No | NA |
Anaplasmosis | Anaplasma marginale | Cattle, domestic buffalo | Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, R. (B.) decoloratus, R. (B.) annulatus, R. bursa, R. simus, R. evertsi | Tropical, subtropical and even temperate regions | Yes | R. (B.) microplus |
Hyalomma spp. | ||||||
 | A. centrale | Cattle | As above | Tropical and subtropical regions | Yes | As above |
 | A. (Ehrlichia) bovis | Cattle, domestic buffalo | Amblyomma spp., Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp. | Africa, Asia, and South America | No | NA |
 | A. (Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum a | Cattle, small ruminants, horses | Ixodes spp. | Europe and North America | No | NA |