Figure 11From: Rhodnius prolixus interaction with Trypanosoma rangeli: modulation of the immune system and microbiota population Long-term experiment showing phenoloxidase activity in the midgut of Rhodnius prolixus infected with Trypanosoma rangeli . PO activities were measured in the anterior midgut of R. prolixus 5th instar nymphs at 7 and 12 days after feeding on blood without parasites. Previously, 4th instar nymphs were fed on inactivated blood with or without 1 × 106 epimastigotes/mL. Treatments: white columns – control, uninfected group; black columns – infected group. Bars represent mean ± SEM of three independent experiments each with five insects (n  = 15). Means were compared using Student T-test; ***p < 0.001 and **p < 0.01.Back to article page