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Table 2 Toxicity of carbamates and new insecticides against field populations of Ae. albopictus

From: First report of field evolved resistance to agrochemicals in dengue mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), from Pakistan

Insecticide

Location

Time

LC50 (95% FL) (µg mL-1)

Slope ± SE

χ2

df

P

RR*

DR**

n***

Methomyl

Lab-PK

 

0.06 (0.03-0.17)

2.56 ± 033

9.99

6

0.12

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

1.31 (0.71-1.91)

0.81 ± 0.40

3.13

6

0.79

21.8

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.11 (0.63-1.51)

0.84 ± 0.26

4.61

6

0.59

18.5

-0.012

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.95 (0.66-1.24)

1.14 ± 0.23

10.5

6

0.10

15.8

-0.023

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.92 (0.70-1.14)

1.46 ± 0.28

9.23

6

0.13

15.3

-0.026

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.23 (0.74-1.73)

0.91 ± 0.33

3.69

6

0.72

20.5

-0.005

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

1.33 (0.73-1.94)

0.83 ± 0.16

6.18

6

0.40

22.2

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.20 (0.66-1.70)

0.82 ± 0.24

4.18

6

0.65

20

-0.007

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.99 (0.68-1.31)

1.11 ± 0.39

9.71

6

0.14

16.5

-0.021

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.94 (0.65-1.22)

1.13 ± 0.42

9.48

6

0.15

15.7

-0.025

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.23 (0.73-1.72)

0.91 ± 0.23

4.31

6

0.64

20.5

-0.006

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

1.01 (0.69-1.32)

1.14 ± 0.34

6.36

6

0.38

16.8

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.90 (0.61-1.20)

1.04 ± 0.22

3.26

6

0.78

15

-0.008

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.80 (0.57-1.03)

1.18 ± 0.52

3.54

6

0.74

13.2

-0.017

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.92 (0.58-1.26)

0.92 ± 0.24

6.83

6

0.34

15.3

-0.007

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.10 (0.72-1.47)

1.06 ± 0.42

3.09

6

0.80

18.3

0.006

320

Thiodicarb

Lab-PK

 

0.03 (0.01-0.11)

2.28 ± 0.63

1.28

6

0.97

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

1.05 (0.71-1.37)

1.13 ± 0.23

8.29

6

0.22

35

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.88 (0.61-1.15)

1.12 ± 0.32

3.99

6

0.68

29.3

-0.013

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.90 (0.61-1.19)

1.07 ± 0.41

4.49

6

0.61

30

-0.011

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.71 (0.51-0.89)

1.28 ± 0.25

6.13

6

0.41

23.7

-0.028

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.99 (0.68-1.28)

1.17 ± 0.23

1.75

6

0.94

33

-0.004

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

1.10 (0.71-1.49)

1.01 ± 0.28

7.92

6

0.24

36.7

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.89 (0.63-1.18)

1.09 ± 0.30

5.02

6

0.54

29.7

-0.015

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.97 (0.62-1.32)

0.97 ± 0.20

4.86

6

0.56

32.3

-0.009

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.76 (0.54-0.98)

1.18 ± 0.42

8.75

6

0.19

25.3

-0.027

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.07 (0.71-1.43)

1.06 ± 0.23

4.11

6

0.66

35.7

-0.002

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

0.85 (0.52-1.19)

0.86 ± 0.17

5.00

6

0.54

28

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.83 (0.58-1.09)

1.14 ± 0.29

1.85

6

0.93

27.7

-0.002

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.94 (0.63-1.25)

1.21 ± 0.33

4.41

6

0.62

31.2

0.007

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.71 (0.53-0.90)

1.31 ± 0.44

6.35

6

0.39

23.7

-0.013

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.03 (0.71-1.33)

1.17 ± 0.22

3.74

6

0.71

34

0.014

320

Indoxacarb

Lab-PK

 

0.022 (0.014-0.044)

2.19 ± 0.46

1.73

6

0.94

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

0.91 (0.59-1.21)

1.02 ± 0.24

3.62

6

0.73

41.4

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.29 (0.76-1.83)

0.90 ± 0.17

2.62

6

0.86

58.6

0.025

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.12 (0.69-1.54)

0.95 ± 0.25

4.76

6

0.57

50.9

0.015

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.18 (0.83-1.52)

1.28 ± 0.34

10.7

6

0.10

53.6

0.019

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.19 (0.78-1.59)

1.07 ± 0.24

4.58

6

0.60

54.1

0.019

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

1.21 (0.64-1.76)

0.78 ± 0.16

3.02

6

0.81

55

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.42 (0.78-2.07)

0.85 ± 0.38

4.00

6

0.68

64.5

0.012

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.87 (0.66-2.31)

0.63 ± 0.24

1.38

6

0.97

85

0.032

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.17 (0.82-1.53)

1.23 ± 0.43

9.78

6

0.13

53.1

-0.002

320

  

Sep. 2010

2.19 (0.37-4.00)

0.51 ± 0.11

3.19

6

0.78

99.5

0.043

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

1.62 (0.56-2.69)

0.59 ± 0.18

3.77

6

0.71

73.6

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.37 (0.73-2.00)

0.83 ± 0.42

1.98

5

0.85

62.3

-0.012

280

  

Sep. 2009

1.59 (0.78-2.38)

0.80 ± 0.23

3.54

6

0.74

72.3

-0.001

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.37 (0.77-1.89)

1.05 ± 0.25

12.0

6

0.07

62.2

-0.012

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.96 (0.60-3.33)

0.60 ± 0.18

3.42

6

0.75

89.1

0.014

320

Emamectin benzoate

Lab-PK

 

0.09 (0.04-0.14)

2.35 ± 0.98

2.85

6

0.83

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

1.39 (0.91-1.86)

1.16 ± 0.26

9.23

6

0.16

15.4

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.65 (0.59-2.70)

0.64 ± 0.22

0.41

4

0.98

18.3

0.013

240

  

Sep. 2009

2.07 (0.60-3.54)

0.50 ± 0.12

7.02

6

0.32

23

0.029

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.61 (0.92-2.29)

1.00 ± 0.27

9.62

6

0.14

17.9

0.011

320

  

Sep. 2010

2.45 (1.35-4.26)

0.52 ± 0.26

2.66

6

0.85

27.2

0.041

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

1.35 (0.87-1.82)

1.10 ± 0.25

7.78

6

0.26

15

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.97 (1.21-3.32)

0.61 ± 0.24

4.78

6

0.57

21.9

0.027

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.47 (0.91-2.02)

1.07 ± 0.26

10.9

6

0.91

16.3

0.006

320

  

Mar. 2010

2.00 (1.12-3.17)

0.76 ± 0.18

4.53

6

0.61

22.2

0.028

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.89 (0.68-2.50)

0.65 ± 0.23

1.39

6

0.98

21

0.024

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

1.14 (0.85-1.46)

1.31 ± 0.25

7.11

6

0.31

12.7

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

1.26 (0.89-1.63)

1.33 ± 0.26

4.32

6

0.63

14

0.007

320

  

Sep. 2009

1.67 (0.88-2.59)

0.73 ± 0.24

5.96

6

0.43

18.6

0.028

320

  

Mar. 2010

1.70 (0.86-2.54)

0.86 ± 0.30

7.47

5

0.19

18.9

0.029

320

  

Sep. 2010

1.30 (0.91-1.75)

1.10 ± 0.22

3.74

6

0.71

14.4

0.010

320

Spinosad

Lab-PK

 

0.019 (0.02-0.13)

2.71 ± 0.44

2.92

6

0.82

1

_

320

 

Lahore

Sep. 2008

0.53 (0.40-0.66)

1.45 ± 0.32

3.22

6

0.78

27.9

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.51 (0.39-0.61)

1.78 ± 0.24

3.02

6

0.81

26.8

-0.003

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.48 (0.38-0.57)

1.09 ± 0.26

9.25

6

0.16

25.3

-0.007

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.57 (0.44-0.69)

1.56 ± 0.42

7.74

6

0.26

30

0.005

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.59 (0.43-0.72)

1.55 ± 0.42

10.2

6

0.13

31.1

0.008

320

 

Faisalabad

Sep. 2008

0.63 (0.46-0.81)

1.27 ± 0.23

8.32

6

0.22

33.2

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.73 (0.55-0.91)

1.43 ± 0.38

5.18

6

0.52

38.4

0.011

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.50 (0.38-0.62)

1.52 ± 0.24

10.1

6

0.12

26.3

-0.012

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.43 (0.30-0.56)

1.29 ± 0.23

12.2

6

0.06

22.6

-0.028

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.95 (0.70-1.21)

1.26 ± 0.43

2.12

6

0.91

50

0.030

320

 

Sargodha

Sep. 2008

0.56 (0.41-0.71)

1.33 ± 0.22

7.79

6

0.25

29.5

_

320

  

Mar. 2009

0.73 (0.54-0.93)

1.29 ± 0.22

4.91

6

0.56

38.4

0.019

320

  

Sep. 2009

0.52 (0.39-0.64)

1.50 ± 0.36

10.0

6

0.16

27.4

-0.005

320

  

Mar. 2010

0.43 (0.29-0.56)

1.22 ± 0.23

9.93

6

0.13

22.6

-0.019

320

  

Sep. 2010

0.85 (0.62-1.07)

1.44 ± 0.56

3.16

6

0.79

44.7

0.030

320

  1. *Resistance ratio = LC50 field population/LC50 of susceptible strain
  2. **Rate of increase or decrease in resistance *** Number of larvae tested in a bioassay