Parasite | marker | Death stimulus |
---|---|---|
Leishmania donovani | PS exposure | novobiocin [22]; miltefosine [23]; respiratory chain inhibitors [32] |
 | ΔΨm changes | |
 | Cytochrome C release | |
 | Caspase-like activity | stationary phase [31]; amphotericin b [31]; novobiocin [22]; |
 | DNA degradation | |
Leishmania infantum | PS exposure | heat shock [12] |
 | ΔΨm changes | |
 | Caspase-like activity | |
 | DNA degradation | |
Leishmania major | Caspase-like activity | serum deprivation/stationary phase [34] |
 | DNA degradation | serum deprivation/stationary phase [34] |
Leishmania amazonensis | PS exposure | metacyclogenesis [66] |
 | DNA degradation | nitric oxide (NO) [61] |
Leishmania mexicana | Caspase-like activity | serum deprivation/stationary phase [34] |
 | DNA degradation | serum deprivation/stationary phase [34] |
Toxoplasma gondii | Chromatin condensation | sodium nitroprusside (NO) [10] |
 | DNA degradation | sodium nitroprusside (NO) [10] |
 | Hypoploid nuclei | sodium nitroprusside (NO) [10] |
 | PS exposure | intraperitoneal death in vivo in mice [28] |
Trypanosoma brucei (s.l.) | PS exposure | high density culture [25]; prostaglandins [26, 41]; persistant ER stres [8] quercetin [73] |
 | ΔΨm changes | prostaglandins [26, 41]; modified bovine host defense peptide [40]; persistant ER stres [8] |
 | Cytochrome C release | expression of proapoptotic Bax protein [44] |
 | DNA degradation | high density culture [25]; prostaglandins [26, 41]; persistant ER stres [8]; |
Plasmodium berghei | PS exposure | ookinete stage in vitro [17, 29]; nitric oxide in vitro [36] |
 | ΔΨm changes | |
 | Caspase-like activity | ookinte stage in vitro and in vivo [17]; ookinte stage in vivo [29]; nitric oxide in vitro [36] |
 | DNA degradation | |
 | chromatin condensation | ookinte stage in vitro and in vivo [17]; ookinte stage in vivo [29]; |
Plasmodium falciparum | ΔΨm changes | |
 | Caspase-like activity | chloroquine [14, 37]; staurosporine [37]; 4-hydroxytamoxifen [37]; bilirubin [38] |
 | DNA degradation | cholorquine [13, 14, 37]; etoposide [14]; staurosporine [37]; 4-hydroxytamoxifen [37] |
Trichomonas vaginalis | PS exposure | etoposide, doxorubicin [74] |
 | ΔΨm changes | etoposide, doxorubicin [74] |
 | DNA degradation | etoposide, doxorubicin [74] |
Blastocystis hominis | PS exposure | cytotoxic monoclonal antibody [75]; metronidazole [76]; staurosporine [77] |
 | ΔΨm changes | cytotoxic monoclonal antibody [78] |
 | Caspase-like activity | cytotoxic monoclonal antibody [78] |
 | DNA degradation | cytotoxic monoclonal antibody [79]; metronidazole [76]; staurosporine [77] |
 | chromatin condensation | staurosporine [77] |
Entamoeba histolytica | Morphological changes | G418 [80] |
 | chromatin condensation | G418 [80] |
 | DNA degradation | G418 [80] |
Giardia lamblia | PS exposure | metronidazole, H2O2; [81] |
 | DNA degradation | metronidazole, H2O2; [81] |